A state of emergency confronts the Black Power movement

A wage dispute involving workers at a Shell subcontractor developed into a mass march and uprising in Willemstad. Black workers challenged an unequal economic and political order. Police violence...

The South African Students' Organisation was officially inaugurated at the University of the North, with Steve Biko as president and Barney Pityana as secretary. Black students developed an...

Indigenous activists landed on Alcatraz and began an occupation that continued into 1971. They demanded land and a centre for Indigenous education and culture. By occupying a former federal prison,...

Chicago police killed Fred Hampton and Mark Clark during an early-morning raid. Hampton had combined Black community organizing with cooperation across racial boundaries. Their deaths became a focus...

The National Joint Action Committee led a demonstration in solidarity with Caribbean students prosecuted after the Montreal university protest. It developed into weeks of mass mobilization over racial...

Residents and activists halted construction of a highway patrol facility on land promised for a community park in San Diego. They occupied and began transforming the site. Their campaign asserted...

Delano-area table-grape growers signed union contracts following years of strikes and consumer boycotts. Mexican and Filipino farmworkers and their supporters had challenged low pay and degrading...

Black activists and supporters marched against repeated police raids on the Mangrove restaurant, an important Caribbean community meeting place. The protest defended the right to gather and organize...

Thousands marched in East Los Angeles against the Vietnam War and its burden on Mexican American communities. Police intervention turned the gathering into a violent confrontation in which...

After organizers sought to restrict his account of colonial violence, Wampanoag speaker Wamsutta Frank James joined an alternative Thanksgiving gathering in Plymouth. The protest challenged...