đź“… 22 Augustus 1894
The Natal Indian Congress was established to oppose discriminatory treatment, especially restrictions affecting Indian traders and political rights. Its initial social base was limited, and Indian...
đź“… 11 September 1906
A mass meeting of Indians in Johannesburg pledged resistance to proposed discriminatory registration requirements. Collective refusal became a foundation of satyagraha. The campaign targeted state...
đź“… 16 Augustus 1908
Protesters burned registration certificates at a mass meeting in Johannesburg. Public destruction of documents challenged the state’s authority to impose discriminatory identification. The action made...
đź“… 6 November 1913
Striking Indian workers and accompanying families crossed into Transvaal in deliberate defiance of restrictions. The march linked labor protest with freedom of movement and family rights. Repeated...
đź“… 11 November 1913
Gandhi was sentenced to nine months’ hard labor at Dundee during the satyagraha campaign. The wider movement involved striking workers and women facing imprisonment as well. Criminal penalties...
đź“… 26 Juni 1914
The Indian Relief Act abolished the tax on former indentured workers and recognized Indian marriages. These were important gains from collective resistance, including women’s participation. The...
đź“… 18 April 1917
Gandhi appeared in Motihari court after refusing an order to leave Champaran, supported by local people. Peasants had sought help against coercive indigo cultivation. The campaign challenged...
đź“… 11 Juli 1917
The inquiry committee held its preliminary meeting after peasants’ resistance and Gandhi’s investigation brought indigo cultivation abuses to public attention. An official inquiry offered a route to...
đź“… 22 Maart 1918
At a public meeting in Nadiad, peasants were urged not to pay land revenue after crop failures. Collective refusal challenged a colonial revenue system that put demands for payment above...
đź“… 6 April 1919
Strikes and closures marked a hartal against laws allowing detention and restrictive colonial powers. Mass refusal connected civil liberties with the struggle for self-government. The campaign...
đź“… 1 Augustus 1920
Gandhi wrote to the viceroy returning medals previously granted for service to the empire. Renouncing honors was one form of noncooperation. The act questioned imperial legitimacy and illustrates a...
đź“… 10 Maart 1922
British authorities arrested Gandhi after the noncooperation campaign and charged him with sedition. Criminalizing criticism and mobilization defended the colonial state’s authority. His...
đź“… 18 Maart 1922
Gandhi was sentenced to six years’ imprisonment after accepting responsibility for writings criticizing British rule. The courtroom became a platform for questioning the legitimacy of colonial...
đź“… 12 Maart 1930
Gandhi and companions left Sabarmati for the coast to challenge the colonial salt law. A necessity of daily life became the focus of mass resistance. The strategy connected imperial revenue and...
đź“… 6 April 1930
Gandhi collected natural salt at Dandi in defiance of British law. The action encouraged others to challenge the colonial monopoly. Civil disobedience made economic domination visible through an...
đź“… 24 September 1932
The Poona Pact substituted reserved seats within joint electorates for separate electorates for the Depressed Classes. Negotiations occurred under intense pressure from Gandhi’s fast. Ambedkar’s...
đź“… 8 Augustus 1942
The All India Congress Committee adopted the Quit India resolution in Bombay. The demand for immediate British withdrawal asserted colonized people’s political agency during a war fought in the name...
đź“… 9 Augustus 1942
British authorities arrested Gandhi and other Congress leaders after the Quit India resolution. Activists continued resistance despite the removal of prominent organizers. The crackdown shows how...
