The Poona Pact changes representation for oppressed-caste voters

Police fired during a Mau procession in Apia, killing Samoans and mortally wounding Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III. The movement demanded Samoan self-government and used widespread noncooperation. The...

Congress supporters observed Purna Swaraj Day with flags and a pledge for complete independence. The demand moved beyond reforms inside imperial rule. Public participation connected a constitutional...

Gandhi and companions left Sabarmati for the coast to challenge the colonial salt law. A necessity of daily life became the focus of mass resistance. The strategy connected imperial revenue and...

Gandhi collected natural salt at Dandi in defiance of British law. The action encouraged others to challenge the colonial monopoly. Civil disobedience made economic domination visible through an...

Volunteers advanced on the Dharasana salt works during the civil disobedience campaign. Police beat protesters who did not strike back; reporting carried the confrontation internationally. Women’s...

Delegates at Bloemfontein brought organizations together against legislation threatening African political and land rights. The convention sought a united response to segregation. Collective...

Students began a boycott after union leaders Aung San and Nu were expelled in a dispute involving a critical magazine article. The strike linked freedom of expression and student organizing to wider...

Aboriginal activists met in Sydney as the country celebrated 150 years of colonization. They condemned dispossession and called for full citizenship and equality. Their protest challenged a national...

William Cooper led a delegation to the German consulate in Melbourne to protest persecution of Jewish people. Aboriginal activists denied equality in Australia extended solidarity internationally....

Aboriginal residents left Cummeragunja in protest against oppressive management and conditions. Moving collectively across the Murray River challenged the authorities’ control over their daily...