Workers and families begin the Great March into Transvaal

Delegates founded the SANNC in Bloemfontein to organize African political demands in the new Union. Petitioning and collective representation challenged exclusion from governing institutions. Its...

Representatives met in Bandung to adopt the Indische Partij’s statutes. Its politics challenged segregation and argued that the Indies belonged to their inhabitants. Bringing people of different...

Women at a Waaihoek mass meeting resolved to resist residential permit requirements. The exact date of the subsequent march is disputed, so this record dates the meeting. Their action challenged the...

The Union adopted the Natives Land Act, severely restricting African land ownership and tenancy outside scheduled areas, with important regional qualifications. African opposition linked political...

Indian miners began a strike that expanded resistance to the tax on former indentured workers and other discriminatory measures. Women activists helped mobilize workers. Connecting labor refusal...

Gandhi was sentenced to nine months’ hard labor at Dundee during the satyagraha campaign. The wider movement involved striking workers and women facing imprisonment as well. Criminal penalties...

The Komagata Maru reached Vancouver carrying 376 prospective South Asian immigrants. Most were kept aboard under racially restrictive immigration rules despite being British subjects. Passengers and...

The Indian Relief Act abolished the tax on former indentured workers and recognized Indian marriages. These were important gains from collective resistance, including women’s participation. The...

Followers of John Chilembwe attacked European estates in Nyasaland. Grievances included abusive labor conditions and colonial demands on African communities. The uprising combined religious...

Carter G. Woodson and colleagues founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History in Chicago. The organization challenged the erasure of Black contributions from education. Producing...