The Five-Anti campaign intensifies pressure on private businesses

The new government declared sovereignty after decades of invasion, civil war and political fragmentation. It inherited ruined transport, severe inflation, unequal regional development and a largely...

The Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance established a strategic partnership that included credits, technical assistance and industrial cooperation. Soviet support helped China acquire...

The decision to unify national financial and economic work brought budgets, supplies, trade and monetary management under stronger central coordination. It helped contain inflation and restore the...

The law abolished landlord landownership and redistributed land to rural households. It broke a deeply unequal agrarian structure and gave many peasants a direct material stake in the new order, while...

The campaign against corruption, waste and bureaucratism began in party and government organizations in December 1951. Since sources identify the month rather than one nationwide launch day, 31...

By the end of 1952, land redistribution had been completed across most of the mainland, although implementation in some minority regions followed a different timetable. Hundreds of millions of rural...

The first plan launched large-scale state-led industrialization, prioritizing heavy industry, energy, machinery and transport. It drew on Soviet planning methods and technical support, and aimed to...

Mao articulated a line for gradual transition toward socialism, linking industrialization to the transformation of agriculture, handicrafts and private industry. This marked a shift from the Common...

A central resolution endorsed the development of agricultural production cooperatives, moving beyond temporary mutual-aid teams. Cooperative farming was promoted as a means to pool labor and tools,...

A State Council order established planned procurement and planned supply of grain. The policy helped feed cities, build reserves and supply expanding industry, but it also gave the state stronger...