The state introduces unified grain procurement and supply

A central directive opened a campaign against bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, cheating on government contracts and leaking economic information. It framed private capital as both a...

By the end of 1952, land redistribution had been completed across most of the mainland, although implementation in some minority regions followed a different timetable. Hundreds of millions of rural...

The first plan launched large-scale state-led industrialization, prioritizing heavy industry, energy, machinery and transport. It drew on Soviet planning methods and technical support, and aimed to...

Mao articulated a line for gradual transition toward socialism, linking industrialization to the transformation of agriculture, handicrafts and private industry. This marked a shift from the Common...

A central resolution endorsed the development of agricultural production cooperatives, moving beyond temporary mutual-aid teams. Cooperative farming was promoted as a means to pool labor and tools,...

The Constitution established the institutions of the new republic and recognized state, cooperative, individual and capitalist economic forms within a transition toward socialism. It gave legal form...

The currency reform replaced the early renminbi at a ratio of 10,000 old yuan to one new yuan. The change simplified accounting after the postwar inflationary period and supported national fiscal...

The legislature formally approved the 1953–1957 plan after implementation had already begun. It set targets for industrial construction and major infrastructure, with Soviet-supported projects and...

The Party called for a faster expansion of agricultural producer cooperatives. The move came as leaders sought to mobilize rural resources for industrial growth and to reduce the risks of individual...

Mao’s speech considered the balance between heavy and light industry, coastal and inland investment, central and local authority, and state, collective and individual initiative. It acknowledged the...