The central government unifies national financial and economic administration

The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference adopted the Common Program, a provisional constitutional framework. It protected workers, peasants, cooperatives and private property while...

The new government declared sovereignty after decades of invasion, civil war and political fragmentation. It inherited ruined transport, severe inflation, unequal regional development and a largely...

The Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance established a strategic partnership that included credits, technical assistance and industrial cooperation. Soviet support helped China acquire...

The law abolished landlord landownership and redistributed land to rural households. It broke a deeply unequal agrarian structure and gave many peasants a direct material stake in the new order, while...

The campaign against corruption, waste and bureaucratism began in party and government organizations in December 1951. Since sources identify the month rather than one nationwide launch day, 31...

A central directive opened a campaign against bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, cheating on government contracts and leaking economic information. It framed private capital as both a...

By the end of 1952, land redistribution had been completed across most of the mainland, although implementation in some minority regions followed a different timetable. Hundreds of millions of rural...

The first plan launched large-scale state-led industrialization, prioritizing heavy industry, energy, machinery and transport. It drew on Soviet planning methods and technical support, and aimed to...