The Wounded Knee occupation brings treaty rights to international attention

A convention opened at Edendale near Pietermaritzburg, continuing until 10 July, to organize Black solidarity beyond university campuses. It brought Black Consciousness into a wider political...

Activists presented a petition calling for the teaching of te reo Māori in schools. Ngā Tamatoa and the Te Reo Māori Society helped organize the campaign. It challenged educational practices that...

Indigenous caravans arrived in Washington with a Twenty-Point programme seeking treaty enforcement, land restitution and changes to federal Indian policy. Frustrated meetings and inadequate...

Workers at Coronation Brick and Tile stopped work to demand higher wages. The action helped trigger a wave of strikes across Durban. Black workers used collective withdrawal of labour despite legal...

The Supreme Court delivered its judgment in the Nisga'a land case. Six judges recognized that Aboriginal title existed before colonization, but divided over whether it had been extinguished; the...

Dalit Panthers marched on the anniversary of Indian independence to question freedom that had left caste oppression intact. Their use of Black Power language connected struggles across different...

An assembly in territory controlled by the liberation movement proclaimed independence from Portugal. Years of armed struggle and political organization had established institutions outside colonial...

The General Assembly adopted the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. It identified apartheid as a crime against humanity and addressed acts sustaining...

A federal court affirmed the treaty rights of participating Washington tribes to a share of the harvestable fish catch, generally up to half. The judgment followed years of Indigenous resistance to...

The Armed Forces Movement overthrew Portugal's dictatorship. Prolonged wars against African liberation movements had helped undermine the regime. The overthrow opened the way to negotiations and the...