Koreans declare independence and begin mass demonstrations

Gandhi appeared in Motihari court after refusing an order to leave Champaran, supported by local people. Peasants had sought help against coercive indigo cultivation. The campaign challenged...

The inquiry committee held its preliminary meeting after peasants’ resistance and Gandhi’s investigation brought indigo cultivation abuses to public attention. An official inquiry offered a route to...

Thousands of Black men, women, and children marched down Fifth Avenue following racial violence, including killings in East St Louis. Their disciplined silence and placards challenged public...

At a public meeting in Nadiad, peasants were urged not to pay land revenue after crop failures. Collective refusal challenged a colonial revenue system that put demands for payment above...

The Pan-African Congress opened in Paris during the peace-conference period. Delegates discussed rights and the future of African peoples under colonial domination. Their international organizing...

Women marched in Cairo during the Egyptian Revolution, asserting their place in the national struggle. Huda Shaarawi’s memoir describes this mobilization. Their participation challenged colonial...

Yu Gwan-sun helped organize an independence demonstration at Aunae market. Colonial police suppressed the protest and arrested her. Her role illustrates young women’s political agency within an...

Strikes and closures marked a hartal against laws allowing detention and restrictive colonial powers. Mass refusal connected civil liberties with the struggle for self-government. The campaign...

Korean provisional leaders adopted a charter for a republic during resistance to Japanese rule. Its equality provision rejected distinctions of gender, class, and wealth among citizens. A movement...

Troops under Reginald Dyer fired into an unarmed gathering in Amritsar. Estimates of the dead differ. The massacre shattered claims that imperial government protected its subjects and intensified...