Korean provisional leaders adopt a charter promising equality

The Pan-African Congress opened in Paris during the peace-conference period. Delegates discussed rights and the future of African peoples under colonial domination. Their international organizing...

A declaration of independence helped launch mass demonstrations against Japanese colonial rule. Protesters asserted Korea’s right to determine its future and rejected imposed political...

Women marched in Cairo during the Egyptian Revolution, asserting their place in the national struggle. Huda Shaarawi’s memoir describes this mobilization. Their participation challenged colonial...

Yu Gwan-sun helped organize an independence demonstration at Aunae market. Colonial police suppressed the protest and arrested her. Her role illustrates young women’s political agency within an...

Strikes and closures marked a hartal against laws allowing detention and restrictive colonial powers. Mass refusal connected civil liberties with the struggle for self-government. The campaign...

Troops under Reginald Dyer fired into an unarmed gathering in Amritsar. Estimates of the dead differ. The massacre shattered claims that imperial government protected its subjects and intensified...

Students demonstrated in Beijing against the transfer of former German rights in Shandong to Japan through the postwar settlement. Their protest challenged decisions made about China without effective...

Rabindranath Tagore wrote to the viceroy renouncing his knighthood in protest at colonial repression. Rejecting an imperial honor challenged the prestige through which Britain sought to secure elite...

Nguyễn Ái Quốc submitted the Claims of the Annamite People to the Versailles conference. The petition demanded legal safeguards and civil freedoms denied under French colonial rule. It sought...

Gandhi wrote to the viceroy returning medals previously granted for service to the empire. Renouncing honors was one form of noncooperation. The act questioned imperial legitimacy and illustrates a...