James Collip’s purification changes the result

The initial extract had only limited effect and caused a local reaction; a successful improved treatment followed later.

Leonard Thompson was the first human recipient in this Toronto research program.

The 11 January trial should not be confused with the more effective purified extract given on 23 January.

After the earlier limited-response injection, a preparation purified by Collip produced a marked improvement.

The second series of injections substantially reduced symptoms and biochemical evidence of diabetes.

The achievement involved the patient and researchers Banting, Best, Collip and Macleod.

A critically ill woman received a scarce supply of the antibiotic during a life-threatening infection.

Penicillin was flown to the hospital and delivered in time for Miller’s first dose.

Miller became one of the earliest US patients whose life was saved by penicillin therapy.

The episode illustrated the need to manufacture enough penicillin for wider access during wartime.