Thompson receives a more purified insulin extract

The 14 April diagnosis preceded later research into the diverse long-term effects of Chagas disease.

The fourteen-year-old patient was given a first pancreatic extract injection in Toronto.

The initial extract had only limited effect and caused a local reaction; a successful improved treatment followed later.

Leonard Thompson was the first human recipient in this Toronto research program.

The 11 January trial should not be confused with the more effective purified extract given on 23 January.

The second series of injections substantially reduced symptoms and biochemical evidence of diabetes.

Collip’s chemistry helped turn an experimental extract into a useful clinical treatment.

The achievement involved the patient and researchers Banting, Best, Collip and Macleod.

A critically ill woman received a scarce supply of the antibiotic during a life-threatening infection.

Penicillin was flown to the hospital and delivered in time for Miller’s first dose.