Police raid Liliesleaf Farm

Mandela was punished for inciting the 1961 stay-at-home and leaving South Africa without a passport. He used the trial to challenge the legitimacy of white minority rule.

Poqo members marched from Mbekweni toward Paarl to attack state institutions and free detainees. Police clashes killed activists and led to wide arrests and executions.

The committee created by the General Assembly began coordinating international scrutiny and opposition to the apartheid system.

Independent African states formed the OAU with liberation from colonialism and white minority rule among its central commitments. It supported movements across southern Africa.

Sisulu spoke through a clandestine station after the ANC's banning, demonstrating that the organization continued communicating and organizing underground.

Resolution 181 asked states to stop supplying arms, ammunition and military vehicles to South Africa, marking an important escalation of international pressure.

Ngudle died after being held by the Security Branch. The state claimed suicide; his death became an early symbol of abuse and secrecy in political detention.

Eleven defendants were charged with sabotage and conspiracy following the Liliesleaf raid. The political trial threatened the accused with the death penalty.

Resolution 1899 called on states to stop supplying petroleum, one of the earliest international attempts to use economic pressure against apartheid.

After months of evidence, the prosecution completed its case. The defendants then prepared to explain their political aims and resistance to apartheid.