Resolution 1899 called on states to stop supplying petroleum, one of the earliest international attempts to use economic pressure against apartheid.
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Walter Sisulu broadcasts on underground ANC radio 26 June 1963
Sisulu spoke through a clandestine station after the ANC's banning, demonstrating that the organization continued communicating and organizing underground.
Police raid Liliesleaf Farm 11 July 1963
Police arrested much of the underground leadership at Rivonia and seized documents relating to MK strategy. The raid led directly to the Rivonia Trial.
Resolution 181 asked states to stop supplying arms, ammunition and military vehicles to South Africa, marking an important escalation of international pressure.
Looksmart Ngudle dies in detention 5 September 1963
Ngudle died after being held by the Security Branch. The state claimed suicide; his death became an early symbol of abuse and secrecy in political detention.
The Rivonia accused first appear in court 9 October 1963
Eleven defendants were charged with sabotage and conspiracy following the Liliesleaf raid. The political trial threatened the accused with the death penalty.
👉 The UN General Assembly urges an oil embargo against South Africa Current 13 November 1963
Resolution 1899 called on states to stop supplying petroleum, one of the earliest international attempts to use economic pressure against apartheid.
The prosecution rests in the Rivonia Trial 4 March 1964
After months of evidence, the prosecution completed its case. The defendants then prepared to explain their political aims and resistance to apartheid.
Speaking from the dock, Mandela described the struggle against white and Black domination and defended the goal of a democratic and free society.
Rivonia defendants receive life sentences 12 June 1964
Eight defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment rather than death. Their removal weakened internal structures but made the trial a worldwide symbol of resistance.
South Africa is excluded from the Tokyo Olympic Games 18 August 1964
The International Olympic Committee barred the apartheid sports system from the 1964 Games, showing how international sport became a field of anti-apartheid action.
Detention without trial is extended to 180 days 25 June 1965
The Criminal Procedure Act doubled the detention period and allowed renewal, deepening the state's capacity to isolate and interrogate political opponents.