The first battle at Porto Mari

The rebels recognize Tula as their leader; Bastiaan Carpatta and Toussaint are also named. The oath and shared rituals strengthen solidarity. Archival records describe the drink as evidence of...

On the way to St. Kruis, the rebels open plantation prisons and free fellow fighters. They also open stores and take food and livestock for their own use. These actions directly challenge daily...

Tula sends Mercier back to Knip to bring those who stayed behind into the revolt. Mercier succeeds in mobilizing them and finding weapons. Other messengers seek support and information in the upper...

Captain Van Westerholt sets out for Porto Mari with a military detachment. The colonial state quickly organizes armed suppression and also deploys free Black and mixed-race men in an earlier...

Father Schinck meets Tula at Porto Mari and hears his demand for freedom and equality, drawing on France’s abolition of slavery and its occupation of the Netherlands. Tula argues that all people...

Reports say enslaved people from Savonet, St. Jeronimo, Zorgvlied, Wakauw, and Hato joined the revolt. The spread shows that resistance was not confined to one plantation. The colonial council...

The colonial government sends units to the coast and checks Black and mixed-race travelers for weapons and messages. Raids and arrests cast the wider population under suspicion. This repression aims...

The rebels gather on Grote Berg near Fonteijn and use the terrain to repel colonial attacks. The colonial commander postpones an assault because of the steep slope and the defensible position. The...

Hira’s overview lists eight enslaved people hanged on 27 August. The swift executions show how colonial justice used punishment to deter resistance, while the system of slavery itself remained...

Hira’s overview lists four executions on 4 September. Repression continued after organized resistance had been broken; punishment and terror were used to restore plantation order.