First group of rebels is executed

Father Schinck meets Tula at Porto Mari and hears his demand for freedom and equality, drawing on France’s abolition of slavery and its occupation of the Netherlands. Tula argues that all people...

After negotiations fail, colonial soldiers and marines attack the position at Porto Mari. The rebels withdraw toward Grote Berg and Fonteijn. Some are killed or captured. Colonial accounts present the...

Reports say enslaved people from Savonet, St. Jeronimo, Zorgvlied, Wakauw, and Hato joined the revolt. The spread shows that resistance was not confined to one plantation. The colonial council...

The colonial government sends units to the coast and checks Black and mixed-race travelers for weapons and messages. Raids and arrests cast the wider population under suspicion. This repression aims...

The rebels gather on Grote Berg near Fonteijn and use the terrain to repel colonial attacks. The colonial commander postpones an assault because of the steep slope and the defensible position. The...

Hira’s overview lists four executions on 4 September. Repression continued after organized resistance had been broken; punishment and terror were used to restore plantation order.

Further death sentences followed on 10 September, including strangulation and breaking on the wheel. The punishments show how colonial authorities used public bodily terror against people who had...

The governor reports that a general search has failed to capture Tula and Carpatta. The authorities grow frustrated and fear that the leaders can be caught only by deception. The search shows both the...

Tula is denounced and arrested; Carpatta is captured the same day with the help of enslaved people on a plantation. The colonial government offers a priest in exchange for confessions and threatens...

The Council orders Tula, Carpatta, Mercier, Waccau, Juan Felix, and Louis to undergo severe torture. Hira stresses that confessions extracted under torture are unreliable and that the core of the...