Anglo-Iraqi treaty preserves British strategic influence

European governments signed the Locarno agreements to guarantee Germany’s western borders and establish arbitration commitments. Germany’s eastern borders with Poland and Czechoslovakia received no...

Germany entered the League of Nations with a permanent seat on its Council after Locarno and the Dawes reparation plan. Its admission marked a move from exclusion toward diplomatic reintegration,...

Violence spread from Jerusalem after months of disputes over the Western Wall/Buraq and British mandate policy. The crisis was rooted in growing opposition to land loss, immigration, and the absence...

Vietnamese soldiers in the French colonial army joined members of the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng in a revolt at Yên Bái. The uprising was quickly defeated and followed by executions and arrests. It...

Gandhi and a group of volunteers set out from Sabarmati toward the Arabian Sea to defy the colonial salt monopoly. Salt taxation burdened ordinary households and made a visible focus for mass protest....

Thousands of peasants marched in Nghệ An demanding lower taxes, land, and an end to colonial and feudal oppression. French forces attacked the demonstration from aircraft, killing and wounding many...

The pact between Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin suspended the civil disobedience campaign and released many political prisoners in exchange for Congress participation in a London conference. It...

Japanese troops used an explosion on the South Manchuria Railway as a pretext to seize Mukden and occupy Manchuria. China appealed to the League of Nations, exposing the weakness of collective...

Japanese authorities proclaimed Manchukuo after occupying Manchuria and installing Puyi as its head of state. The new regime presented itself as independent, but depended on Japanese military and...

The League of Nations admitted Iraq as a member, formally ending Britain’s mandate. Independence followed years of revolt and negotiation, but British military rights, treaty obligations, and...