French forces fire on Nghệ-Tĩnh demonstrators

Germany entered the League of Nations with a permanent seat on its Council after Locarno and the Dawes reparation plan. Its admission marked a move from exclusion toward diplomatic reintegration,...

Violence spread from Jerusalem after months of disputes over the Western Wall/Buraq and British mandate policy. The crisis was rooted in growing opposition to land loss, immigration, and the absence...

Vietnamese soldiers in the French colonial army joined members of the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng in a revolt at Yên Bái. The uprising was quickly defeated and followed by executions and arrests. It...

Gandhi and a group of volunteers set out from Sabarmati toward the Arabian Sea to defy the colonial salt monopoly. Salt taxation burdened ordinary households and made a visible focus for mass protest....

Iraq and Britain signed a treaty that prepared the formal end of the mandate while maintaining British military access, consultation rights, and strategic influence. Iraqi nationalists criticized...

The pact between Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin suspended the civil disobedience campaign and released many political prisoners in exchange for Congress participation in a London conference. It...

Japanese troops used an explosion on the South Manchuria Railway as a pretext to seize Mukden and occupy Manchuria. China appealed to the League of Nations, exposing the weakness of collective...

Japanese authorities proclaimed Manchukuo after occupying Manchuria and installing Puyi as its head of state. The new regime presented itself as independent, but depended on Japanese military and...

The League of Nations admitted Iraq as a member, formally ending Britain’s mandate. Independence followed years of revolt and negotiation, but British military rights, treaty obligations, and...

After the League rejected Japan’s claim to Manchuria, Tokyo notified the League that it would withdraw. The notice came two years after the invasion and signaled the limits of an institution unable or...