Villa Giusti armistice ends Austro-Hungarian fighting

President Woodrow Wilson presented a program including open diplomacy, national self-determination, and a League of Nations. The principles inspired colonized and stateless peoples, but Wilson’s...

The Act granted the vote to women over 30 who met property or educational qualifications, while most men over 21 gained the vote. Women’s wartime labor and decades of suffrage activism shaped the...

Soviet Russia signed a harsh peace treaty with the Central Powers, surrendering extensive territories and populations. The treaty ended fighting on the Eastern Front, but its terms were overturned...

Bulgaria’s armistice after Allied advances on the Salonika front weakened the Central Powers and helped trigger political upheaval at home. Soldiers mutinied and the monarchy faced crisis. The...

The Ottoman government signed an armistice that required demobilization, Allied access to strategic facilities, and the surrender of garrisons in Arab provinces. It ended Ottoman combat in the war but...

Mass strikes and sailors’ mutinies spread into a revolution. The Kaiser abdicated and a republic was proclaimed. The upheaval reflected exhaustion, hunger, military defeat, and labor resistance; the...

The armistice took effect at 11 a.m. on 11 November. It ended major fighting between the Allies and Germany but did not settle the political, social, and imperial conflicts that had produced the...

With the collapse of the occupying empires, Poland re-emerged as an independent state after more than a century of partition. Its borders remained disputed and were shaped by war, diplomacy, and...

Caribbean soldiers waiting in Taranto to return home protested unequal pay and degrading labor assignments, including latrine work. The revolt was suppressed and its leaders punished. The episode...

Right-wing paramilitaries killed socialist leaders Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht after the January uprising in Berlin. Their deaths became a symbol of the violent suppression of revolutionary...