Polish independence is restored after partition

Bulgaria’s armistice after Allied advances on the Salonika front weakened the Central Powers and helped trigger political upheaval at home. Soldiers mutinied and the monarchy faced crisis. The...

The Ottoman government signed an armistice that required demobilization, Allied access to strategic facilities, and the surrender of garrisons in Arab provinces. It ended Ottoman combat in the war but...

The armistice signed near Padua ended Austria-Hungary’s participation in the war and accelerated the empire’s disintegration. National councils declared new states, while the settlement left border...

Mass strikes and sailors’ mutinies spread into a revolution. The Kaiser abdicated and a republic was proclaimed. The upheaval reflected exhaustion, hunger, military defeat, and labor resistance; the...

The armistice took effect at 11 a.m. on 11 November. It ended major fighting between the Allies and Germany but did not settle the political, social, and imperial conflicts that had produced the...

Caribbean soldiers waiting in Taranto to return home protested unequal pay and degrading labor assignments, including latrine work. The revolt was suppressed and its leaders punished. The episode...

Right-wing paramilitaries killed socialist leaders Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht after the January uprising in Berlin. Their deaths became a symbol of the violent suppression of revolutionary...

The victorious powers opened the conference to negotiate treaties and borders. Delegations from smaller states and activists from colonized societies sought a voice, but the Great Powers controlled...

Irish Volunteers attacked a Royal Irish Constabulary escort at Soloheadbeg, killing two officers and seizing explosives. The action marked the opening of the Irish War of Independence, following years...

Delegates from Africa, the Caribbean, Europe, and the United States met in Paris alongside the peace conference. They called for African participation in government and challenged the transfer of...