Treaty of Lausanne replaces Sèvres and sets new regional borders

The Bondelswarts rose against oppressive taxation and colonial policing in South West Africa, which South Africa administered under a League mandate. South African forces used aircraft, machine...

Fighting began in Dublin between forces for and against the Anglo-Irish Treaty after the anti-treaty garrison occupied the Four Courts. The conflict grew from unresolved disputes over partition,...

The Turkish Grand National Assembly abolished the sultanate, formally ending the Ottoman dynasty’s political rule. The decision followed military victory by the Turkish national movement and the...

The Irish Free State came into being under a constitution built around the 1921 treaty, with dominion status and a continuing relationship to the British Commonwealth. The new state had substantial...

The Lausanne convention required the compulsory exchange of most Greek Orthodox residents of Turkey and Muslim residents of Greece, with limited exceptions. It turned religious identity into a...

The Turkish Republic was proclaimed after the Ottoman monarchy’s abolition and the national movement’s military and diplomatic victories. The republic emerged from imperial collapse, war, mass...

The London agreements put the Dawes Plan into effect, rescheduling Germany’s reparations and arranging international loans. It eased the crisis following French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr, but...

Druze fighters in Jabal al-Druze attacked French forces, beginning an uprising that spread across Syria and into Lebanon. Peasants, workers, veterans, and urban nationalists joined the revolt...

European governments signed the Locarno agreements to guarantee Germany’s western borders and establish arbitration commitments. Germany’s eastern borders with Poland and Czechoslovakia received no...

Germany entered the League of Nations with a permanent seat on its Council after Locarno and the Dawes reparation plan. Its admission marked a move from exclusion toward diplomatic reintegration,...