Britain declares Egyptian independence with reservations

Rif resistance fighters under Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi defeated Spanish colonial forces near Annual. The collapse of Spain’s positions exposed the violence and fragility of its...

Representatives of Soviet Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, and Turkey signed a treaty defining borders in the South Caucasus. The settlement displaced earlier wartime and postwar claims,...

France and the Turkish National Movement signed an agreement ending hostilities in Cilicia and adjusting the frontier between French-controlled Syria and Turkey. The settlement recognized the...

The treaty established the Irish Free State while allowing six counties in the north to remain within the United Kingdom. It ended one phase of conflict but divided Irish nationalists and laid...

At the Washington Conference, Japan agreed to restore Shandong’s former German-leased territory and railway rights to China, while retaining commercial privileges. The settlement followed China’s...

The Bondelswarts rose against oppressive taxation and colonial policing in South West Africa, which South Africa administered under a League mandate. South African forces used aircraft, machine...

Fighting began in Dublin between forces for and against the Anglo-Irish Treaty after the anti-treaty garrison occupied the Four Courts. The conflict grew from unresolved disputes over partition,...

The Turkish Grand National Assembly abolished the sultanate, formally ending the Ottoman dynasty’s political rule. The decision followed military victory by the Turkish national movement and the...

The Irish Free State came into being under a constitution built around the 1921 treaty, with dominion status and a continuing relationship to the British Commonwealth. The new state had substantial...

The Lausanne convention required the compulsory exchange of most Greek Orthodox residents of Turkey and Muslim residents of Greece, with limited exceptions. It turned religious identity into a...