Authorities order searches and surveillance after the Malê revolt

O Crioulinho began publication in Rio in the same charged political season as other Black periodicals. Its appearance shows that O Homem de Côr was not an isolated voice: printers and readers built...

The first issue of Brasileiro Pardo appeared in Rio de Janeiro. It criticized color discrimination and argued within the political language of the Regency period. Together with O Homem de Côr and...

The fifth and final issue of O Homem de Côr appeared on 4 November 1833, ending a short but consequential publication. The surviving papers show that Black political journalism confronted a racial...

On 7 January 1835, the Cabanagem began in Belém and spread into the interior of Pará. Indigenous, Black, and mestiço people joined a popular challenge to local elites and briefly took control of the...

During the early hours of 25 January 1835, Muslim Africans, largely Nagô, led an uprising in Salvador. Enslaved and freed participants coordinated across neighborhoods, sought to free the imprisoned...

On 4 March 1835, Decision no. 60 authorized measures to repress the Malê Revolt, including deporting or exiling people suspected of participation. The decision extended punishment beyond combatants...

Provincial Law no. 9 authorized expulsion of African freedpeople considered dangerous, restricted residence and property rights, imposed fees, and required a register recording name, African nation,...

On 14 May 1835, four Black African men—Jorge, Pedro, Gonçalo, and Joaquim—were shot at Campo da Pólvora in Salvador for their alleged roles in the Malê revolt. Tribunal records distinguish their legal...

Bahia Provincial Law no. 14 created capatazias to organize and supervise the urban ganho system. Enslaved workers hired out by the day or task carried goods, sold food, and performed services; many...

On 10 June 1835, Imperial Law 4 prescribed death for enslaved people convicted of killing, poisoning, or seriously injuring an owner, overseer, or members of their households, and created expedited...