Abd al-Qadir surrenders after years of resistance

French troops breached Constantine's defences and captured the city after a costly assault. Ahmed Bey had resisted French expansion in the east and continued resistance after the city fell. The...

French troops crossed the Iron Gates in the Bibans, a passage through territory claimed by Abd al-Qadir under the Treaty of Tafna. The operation aimed to connect French-held Algiers and Constantine,...

Thomas Robert Bugeaud arrived in Algiers as governor-general and issued proclamations to the European settler population and the army. His administration intensified the drive to conquer and secure...

The French cavalry force led by the Duke of Aumale attacked and captured the Smala, the large mobile encampment associated with Abd al-Qadir's government. The camp included families, officials,...

After pursuing Ouled Riah people who had taken refuge in caves in the Dahra, French troops under Colonel Pélissier sealed the entrances and burned fuel, suffocating those inside. The victims...

After a prolonged siege, French forces stormed the fortified oasis of Zaatcha, where local resistance had rallied under Cheikh Bouziane. The assault ended in mass killing and the destruction of...

French forces began the major 1857 campaign to impose colonial control over Kabylia, a mountainous region where local communities had maintained substantial autonomy. Kabyle contingents mobilised in...

Kabyle fighters defended the position at Icheriden against a French assault during the 1857 campaign. The battle was intense and costly; the French military account gives the conquerors'...

French troops captured Lalla Fatma N'Soumer, a Kabyle spiritual and political leader who had become a prominent figure in resistance to the conquest. Her capture came after military operations against...

The Senatus-Consulte of 22 April 1863 initiated a major programme to delimit and register land in Algeria. It nominally recognised some collective property while requiring territorial boundaries to be...