The Desmichels Treaty recognises Abd al-Qadir's authority in western Algeria

A French expeditionary force landed at Sidi Fredj, west of Algiers, launching the invasion of the Regency of Algiers. French official accounts often framed the expedition through a diplomatic...

The Dey of Algiers signed the capitulation agreement after French forces captured the city. The treaty included terms concerning the Dey's property, the garrison, and the security of inhabitants,...

French cavalry attacked El Ouffia, a community near Algiers, in a night raid that killed civilians and enabled the seizure of property and livestock. The episode occurred during the consolidation of...

General Bugeaud and Emir Abd al-Qadir signed the Treaty of Tafna, which recognised the Emir's authority over extensive parts of Algeria while French forces retained key coastal positions. The treaty...

French troops breached Constantine's defences and captured the city after a costly assault. Ahmed Bey had resisted French expansion in the east and continued resistance after the city fell. The...

French troops crossed the Iron Gates in the Bibans, a passage through territory claimed by Abd al-Qadir under the Treaty of Tafna. The operation aimed to connect French-held Algiers and Constantine,...

Thomas Robert Bugeaud arrived in Algiers as governor-general and issued proclamations to the European settler population and the army. His administration intensified the drive to conquer and secure...

The French cavalry force led by the Duke of Aumale attacked and captured the Smala, the large mobile encampment associated with Abd al-Qadir's government. The camp included families, officials,...