French forces massacre members of the El Ouffia community

A French expeditionary force landed at Sidi Fredj, west of Algiers, launching the invasion of the Regency of Algiers. French official accounts often framed the expedition through a diplomatic...

The Dey of Algiers signed the capitulation agreement after French forces captured the city. The treaty included terms concerning the Dey's property, the garrison, and the security of inhabitants,...

The agreement between French General Desmichels and Emir Abd al-Qadir recognised the Emir's political authority in parts of western Algeria and established a negotiated pause in fighting. Abd al-Qadir...

General Bugeaud and Emir Abd al-Qadir signed the Treaty of Tafna, which recognised the Emir's authority over extensive parts of Algeria while French forces retained key coastal positions. The treaty...

French troops breached Constantine's defences and captured the city after a costly assault. Ahmed Bey had resisted French expansion in the east and continued resistance after the city fell. The...

French troops crossed the Iron Gates in the Bibans, a passage through territory claimed by Abd al-Qadir under the Treaty of Tafna. The operation aimed to connect French-held Algiers and Constantine,...

Thomas Robert Bugeaud arrived in Algiers as governor-general and issued proclamations to the European settler population and the army. His administration intensified the drive to conquer and secure...