First major deportation convoy leaves Salonika

The Polish underground Council to Aid Jews, known as Żegota, began operating with support from the Polish government-in-exile. Polish and Jewish activists coordinated shelter, forged documents, and...

SS officer Walter Rauff ordered Tunisian Jewish leaders to provide men for forced labor. Roughly 5,000 Jewish men were conscripted during the occupation and sent to labor and detention camps; this was...

The Allied governments issued a public declaration confirming Nazi Germany’s policy of exterminating Jews and pledging punishment of those responsible. The statement followed reports from resistance...

When German forces entered the Warsaw ghetto to resume deportations, Jewish underground fighters and civilians resisted. The operation was halted after several days; this January resistance preceded...

Bulgarian occupation forces rounded up more than 7,000 Jews from Skopje and nearby areas and confined them at a tobacco warehouse before deportation to Treblinka. Bulgaria’s wartime record differed by...

The first deportation transport from Salonika arrived at Auschwitz-Birkenau. This marked the start of a sequence that destroyed one of Europe’s largest Sephardic Jewish communities, whose...

Jewish underground fighters resisted German forces as they entered the ghetto to complete its liquidation. The uprising lasted nearly a month and was defeated with overwhelming force, but it...

German and Italian forces in Tunisia surrendered to the Allies, ending the Axis occupation and the forced-labor camp period there. Jewish communities emerged from months of coercion and deprivation;...

After weeks of resistance, German forces declared the Warsaw ghetto operation complete and blew up the Great Synagogue as a symbol of destruction. The uprising had been crushed, but Jewish fighters...

Prisoners seized weapons, set parts of the camp on fire, and broke through the perimeter. Around 300 escaped, though many were later captured or killed. The uprising was planned by prisoners who...