Allies publicly condemn the mass murder of European Jews

German forces established a presence in Tunisia after the Allied landings in neighboring Algeria and Morocco. Tunisia was a French protectorate under Vichy authority; the short German-Italian...

German authorities arrested prominent members of Tunis’s Jewish community, including community president Moïse Borgel, and took some as hostages. Jewish communal institutions were placed under...

Norwegian police arrested Jewish women and children in Oslo and other locations; most were deported aboard the ship Donau on November 26. The operation exposed how local state institutions facilitated...

The Polish underground Council to Aid Jews, known as Żegota, began operating with support from the Polish government-in-exile. Polish and Jewish activists coordinated shelter, forged documents, and...

SS officer Walter Rauff ordered Tunisian Jewish leaders to provide men for forced labor. Roughly 5,000 Jewish men were conscripted during the occupation and sent to labor and detention camps; this was...

When German forces entered the Warsaw ghetto to resume deportations, Jewish underground fighters and civilians resisted. The operation was halted after several days; this January resistance preceded...

Bulgarian occupation forces rounded up more than 7,000 Jews from Skopje and nearby areas and confined them at a tobacco warehouse before deportation to Treblinka. Bulgaria’s wartime record differed by...

German authorities began deporting Salonika’s Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Between March and August, more than 45,000 Jews were deported; German occupation authorities exploited local administration...

The first deportation transport from Salonika arrived at Auschwitz-Birkenau. This marked the start of a sequence that destroyed one of Europe’s largest Sephardic Jewish communities, whose...

Jewish underground fighters resisted German forces as they entered the ghetto to complete its liquidation. The uprising lasted nearly a month and was defeated with overwhelming force, but it...