The book analyzed the Soviet bureaucracy as a privileged layer that had usurped political power while retaining state ownership. It is a major critique of Stalinism, but its categories and claims remain contested by historians and should be compared with lived experience across Soviet republics. Publication year marker approximate.
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Trotsky’s Revolution Betrayed argued that the Soviet bureaucracy had usurped political power.
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He analyzed it as a privileged layer within a state retaining public ownership.