The Fourth International adopts Trotsky’s Transitional Program

The book analyzed the Soviet bureaucracy as a privileged layer that had usurped political power while retaining state ownership. It is a major critique of Stalinism, but its categories and claims...

President Lázaro Cárdenas granted Trotsky asylum after European governments restricted his residence. Mexican labor, socialist, and anti-imperialist currents shaped the context of his final years;...

The commission held hearings after the Moscow Trials and found the charges against Trotsky unsubstantiated. The inquiry was convened by his supporters, a fact relevant to its evidentiary context;...

The independent commission heard Trotsky’s testimony and examined accusations made in the Moscow Trials. Its proceedings challenged the Soviet government’s case, but the inquiry was organized by...

Delegates founded a new international organization, arguing that the Comintern had ceased to lead revolutionary opposition to fascism and imperialism. The initiative expressed Trotsky’s...

As war began in Europe, Trotsky defended the Soviet Union against imperialist attack while criticizing its bureaucracy and the invasion of Finland. His position exposed a tension between defending a...

In exchanges with members of the US Socialist Workers Party, Trotsky defended the analysis of the USSR as a degenerated workers’ state and argued that bureaucracy had not transformed its...

An armed group led by David Alfaro Siqueiros attacked the house where Trotsky lived with Natalia Sedova. The failed assault was part of the political violence surrounding his exile; Mexican...

After the May raid, Trotsky publicly argued that Soviet state agents were organizing his assassination. The essay was both a warning and a political intervention written under immediate threat....

Ramón Mercader, acting for Soviet intelligence, struck Trotsky with an ice axe the previous day; Trotsky died on 21 August. His life joined revolutionary internationalism and anticolonial analysis...