Marx arrives in Algiers for his final winter of travel

Engels adapted three chapters of Anti-Dühring into a popular pamphlet translated by Paul Lafargue. Marx’s introduction connected the work to French debates and illustrates their joint effort to make...

Marx’s first draft considered whether Russia’s village commune could serve as a basis for social transformation without reproducing every Western European development stage. The drafts show him...

Marx’s final, concise reply argued that the Russian commune might become a starting point for social regeneration if wider conditions supported it. The letter complicates deterministic interpretations...

Jenny von Westphalen Marx died after years of illness and exile. Her correspondence, political labor, and management of family hardship form part of the history of Marx’s work, which should not be...

In a letter to Vera Zasulich, Marx considered whether the Russian village commune might become a starting point for social transformation without repeating every Western European stage. The draft...

Marx left Algiers after roughly ten weeks. The surviving notes and letters provide fragments on land, family, and colonial power; they should be read alongside Algerian histories and testimony, not...

Engels cautioned against a purely sentimental reading of Egypt’s national movement, while recognizing the strategic role of imperial power. The letter displays both an emerging anti-imperialist...

Marx died after decades of research, political writing, and exile. His influence was still limited compared with its later global reach; Engels became the principal editor and interpreter of his...

Engels described Marx as a revolutionary thinker and organizer whose work joined analysis with political struggle. The speech helped shape Marx’s posthumous reputation; its account should be read as a...

Using notes Marx had made on Lewis Morgan, Engels linked family forms, property, and state development. The book influenced socialist and feminist debates, but its evolutionary anthropology reflects...