Jenny Marx dies in London

The law banned socialist organizations, meetings, and publications while leaving social-democratic election campaigns possible. Marx and Engels supported clandestine and international networks as...

Their circular letter challenged intellectuals and party figures they believed were diluting socialist politics. The intervention illuminates real organizational conflict, but also their own...

Engels adapted three chapters of Anti-Dühring into a popular pamphlet translated by Paul Lafargue. Marx’s introduction connected the work to French debates and illustrates their joint effort to make...

Marx’s first draft considered whether Russia’s village commune could serve as a basis for social transformation without reproducing every Western European development stage. The drafts show him...

Marx’s final, concise reply argued that the Russian commune might become a starting point for social regeneration if wider conditions supported it. The letter complicates deterministic interpretations...

In a letter to Vera Zasulich, Marx considered whether the Russian village commune might become a starting point for social transformation without repeating every Western European stage. The draft...

Seeking a warmer climate because of illness, Marx spent the final months of his life in French-ruled Algeria. His surviving letters describe colonial violence and local social relations, but offer...

Marx left Algiers after roughly ten weeks. The surviving notes and letters provide fragments on land, family, and colonial power; they should be read alongside Algerian histories and testimony, not...

Engels cautioned against a purely sentimental reading of Egypt’s national movement, while recognizing the strategic role of imperial power. The letter displays both an emerging anti-imperialist...

Marx died after decades of research, political writing, and exile. His influence was still limited compared with its later global reach; Engels became the principal editor and interpreter of his...