Marx drafts a reply to Vera Zasulich on the Russian commune

Engels’s serialized critique defended socialist analysis against Eugen Dühring and ranged across philosophy, science, and political economy. It was an independent, extensive work that helped shape...

Engels’s extensive polemic defended a scientific socialist analysis of philosophy, nature, and political economy. It was a major independent work, later excerpted as Socialism: Utopian and Scientific,...

The law banned socialist organizations, meetings, and publications while leaving social-democratic election campaigns possible. Marx and Engels supported clandestine and international networks as...

Their circular letter challenged intellectuals and party figures they believed were diluting socialist politics. The intervention illuminates real organizational conflict, but also their own...

Engels adapted three chapters of Anti-Dühring into a popular pamphlet translated by Paul Lafargue. Marx’s introduction connected the work to French debates and illustrates their joint effort to make...

Marx’s final, concise reply argued that the Russian commune might become a starting point for social regeneration if wider conditions supported it. The letter complicates deterministic interpretations...

Jenny von Westphalen Marx died after years of illness and exile. Her correspondence, political labor, and management of family hardship form part of the history of Marx’s work, which should not be...

In a letter to Vera Zasulich, Marx considered whether the Russian village commune might become a starting point for social transformation without repeating every Western European stage. The draft...

Seeking a warmer climate because of illness, Marx spent the final months of his life in French-ruled Algeria. His surviving letters describe colonial violence and local social relations, but offer...

Marx left Algiers after roughly ten weeks. The surviving notes and letters provide fragments on land, family, and colonial power; they should be read alongside Algerian histories and testimony, not...