Marx and Engels criticize reformist tendencies in German socialism

Marx criticized the draft unity program of German socialist parties, challenging vague promises and the idea of fair distribution detached from production relations. The text was withheld from...

The Eisenachers and Lassalleans formed a united workers’ party. Marx criticized the draft program for theoretical concessions and vague language, but the congress reflected a strategic choice by...

Engels’s serialized critique defended socialist analysis against Eugen Dühring and ranged across philosophy, science, and political economy. It was an independent, extensive work that helped shape...

Engels’s extensive polemic defended a scientific socialist analysis of philosophy, nature, and political economy. It was a major independent work, later excerpted as Socialism: Utopian and Scientific,...

The law banned socialist organizations, meetings, and publications while leaving social-democratic election campaigns possible. Marx and Engels supported clandestine and international networks as...

Engels adapted three chapters of Anti-Dühring into a popular pamphlet translated by Paul Lafargue. Marx’s introduction connected the work to French debates and illustrates their joint effort to make...

Marx’s first draft considered whether Russia’s village commune could serve as a basis for social transformation without reproducing every Western European development stage. The drafts show him...

Marx’s final, concise reply argued that the Russian commune might become a starting point for social regeneration if wider conditions supported it. The letter complicates deterministic interpretations...

Jenny von Westphalen Marx died after years of illness and exile. Her correspondence, political labor, and management of family hardship form part of the history of Marx’s work, which should not be...

In a letter to Vera Zasulich, Marx considered whether the Russian village commune might become a starting point for social transformation without repeating every Western European stage. The draft...