First all-Union population census begins

The Congress concluded after rejecting the opposition of Zinoviev and Kamenev and backing the party leadership’s industrialization line. Economic debates were increasingly settled through...

Germany and the USSR signed the Treaty of Berlin, pledging neutrality if either was attacked by a third power and reaffirming the Rapallo relationship. Both states sought room to maneuver after...

The Soviet and Afghan governments signed a treaty of neutrality and non-aggression, formalizing relations between neighbors whose frontier and security were shaped by Russian and British imperial...

The conference opened as disputes over economic policy and the party opposition intensified. Its resolutions condemned Trotsky’s platform and backed the leadership’s position on industrialization...

The All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a family code that recognized civil marriage, de facto unions and equal legal status for children regardless of parents’ marital status. It...

A new family code, adopted in November 1926 and effective from 1 January 1927, strengthened civil marriage and formal equality between spouses while recognizing de facto marriage and children born...

Delegates from anti-colonial, nationalist and communist movements met at the League Against Imperialism congress. The Comintern and Soviet networks supported the initiative, which connected colonial...

The congress closed after adopting resolutions against colonial domination and racial hierarchy. It brought anti-colonial activists into contact with socialist organizations and publicized struggles...

The government approved construction of the Turkestan-Siberian railway, designed to connect Central Asia with Siberian grain and industrial centers. The railway promised mobility and economic...

Kuomintang forces under Chiang Kai-shek attacked Communists and labor activists in Shanghai, ending the alliance that had structured the first united front. Soviet and Comintern policy had sought to...