Kronstadt rebellion crushed

The Soviet-Persian Treaty of Friendship repudiated many privileges and concessions obtained by the Russian Empire in Persia and declared a new basis for relations. This anti-imperial gesture...

Sailors and residents of Kronstadt adopted resolutions calling for new soviet elections, freedom for socialist parties and an end to certain coercive policies. The rebels included people who had...

The Russian Communist Party’s Tenth Congress met as the Kronstadt rebellion was underway and the economy was in crisis. It adopted the New Economic Policy and banned factions within the party. The...

The Tenth Party Congress approved the New Economic Policy (NEP), replacing compulsory grain requisition with a tax in kind and permitting limited private trade. It responded to peasant resistance,...

The Treaty of Riga formally ended the Polish-Soviet War. Poland acquired territories containing large Ukrainian and Belarusian populations, while Soviet leaders relinquished claims there. The treaty...

Britain and Soviet Russia signed a trade agreement that reduced the risk of renewed war and opened commercial relations. The agreement did not amount to full diplomatic recognition, but it marked...

Mongolian revolutionaries and Soviet forces entered Urga in July 1921, and the Bogd Khan was restored as constitutional monarch under a new People’s Government. The revolution advanced Mongolian...

As drought, war damage, requisitioning and economic disruption produced catastrophic hunger, Maxim Gorky appealed internationally for aid. The famine of 1921–22 killed millions. Soviet authorities...

The Soviet government and the American Relief Administration concluded an agreement on 20 August 1921 to organize large-scale food relief. The operation fed millions during the famine, demonstrating...

Turkey and the Soviet republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia signed the Treaty of Kars, settling borders in the South Caucasus. The agreement involved regional governments but was shaped by...