New Economic Policy replaces requisition with tax in kind

Strikes and demonstrations spread in Petrograd amid fuel and food shortages, with workers demanding supplies and political change. The government imposed martial law and the crisis escalated into...

The Red Army entered Tbilisi and a Georgian Soviet republic was proclaimed, ending the Menshevik-led Democratic Republic of Georgia. Soviet leaders described the change as revolutionary liberation;...

The Soviet-Persian Treaty of Friendship repudiated many privileges and concessions obtained by the Russian Empire in Persia and declared a new basis for relations. This anti-imperial gesture...

Sailors and residents of Kronstadt adopted resolutions calling for new soviet elections, freedom for socialist parties and an end to certain coercive policies. The rebels included people who had...

The Russian Communist Party’s Tenth Congress met as the Kronstadt rebellion was underway and the economy was in crisis. It adopted the New Economic Policy and banned factions within the party. The...

The Treaty of Riga formally ended the Polish-Soviet War. Poland acquired territories containing large Ukrainian and Belarusian populations, while Soviet leaders relinquished claims there. The treaty...

Red Army troops captured Kronstadt after an assault across the ice. Thousands of rebels were killed, imprisoned or escaped to Finland. The suppression sharply narrowed the space for independent...

Britain and Soviet Russia signed a trade agreement that reduced the risk of renewed war and opened commercial relations. The agreement did not amount to full diplomatic recognition, but it marked...

Mongolian revolutionaries and Soviet forces entered Urga in July 1921, and the Bogd Khan was restored as constitutional monarch under a new People’s Government. The revolution advanced Mongolian...

As drought, war damage, requisitioning and economic disruption produced catastrophic hunger, Maxim Gorky appealed internationally for aid. The famine of 1921–22 killed millions. Soviet authorities...