Tenth Party Congress opens during Kronstadt crisis

The Armenian Soviet government was proclaimed after Red Army entry and the fall of the independent Armenian republic, which had faced war, famine, displacement and territorial conflict. Soviet rule...

Strikes and demonstrations spread in Petrograd amid fuel and food shortages, with workers demanding supplies and political change. The government imposed martial law and the crisis escalated into...

The Red Army entered Tbilisi and a Georgian Soviet republic was proclaimed, ending the Menshevik-led Democratic Republic of Georgia. Soviet leaders described the change as revolutionary liberation;...

The Soviet-Persian Treaty of Friendship repudiated many privileges and concessions obtained by the Russian Empire in Persia and declared a new basis for relations. This anti-imperial gesture...

Sailors and residents of Kronstadt adopted resolutions calling for new soviet elections, freedom for socialist parties and an end to certain coercive policies. The rebels included people who had...

The Tenth Party Congress approved the New Economic Policy (NEP), replacing compulsory grain requisition with a tax in kind and permitting limited private trade. It responded to peasant resistance,...

The Treaty of Riga formally ended the Polish-Soviet War. Poland acquired territories containing large Ukrainian and Belarusian populations, while Soviet leaders relinquished claims there. The treaty...

Red Army troops captured Kronstadt after an assault across the ice. Thousands of rebels were killed, imprisoned or escaped to Finland. The suppression sharply narrowed the space for independent...

Britain and Soviet Russia signed a trade agreement that reduced the risk of renewed war and opened commercial relations. The agreement did not amount to full diplomatic recognition, but it marked...

Mongolian revolutionaries and Soviet forces entered Urga in July 1921, and the Bogd Khan was restored as constitutional monarch under a new People’s Government. The revolution advanced Mongolian...