Soviet-Persian Treaty repudiates tsarist privileges

Poland and Soviet Russia and Ukraine signed a preliminary peace agreement ending major fighting in the Polish-Soviet War. The border settlement divided Ukrainian and Belarusian lands and constrained...

General Pyotr Wrangel’s remaining White forces evacuated Crimea after defeat by the Red Army. The evacuation ended the last major White military front in European Russia, but was followed by mass...

The Armenian Soviet government was proclaimed after Red Army entry and the fall of the independent Armenian republic, which had faced war, famine, displacement and territorial conflict. Soviet rule...

Strikes and demonstrations spread in Petrograd amid fuel and food shortages, with workers demanding supplies and political change. The government imposed martial law and the crisis escalated into...

The Red Army entered Tbilisi and a Georgian Soviet republic was proclaimed, ending the Menshevik-led Democratic Republic of Georgia. Soviet leaders described the change as revolutionary liberation;...

Sailors and residents of Kronstadt adopted resolutions calling for new soviet elections, freedom for socialist parties and an end to certain coercive policies. The rebels included people who had...

The Russian Communist Party’s Tenth Congress met as the Kronstadt rebellion was underway and the economy was in crisis. It adopted the New Economic Policy and banned factions within the party. The...

The Tenth Party Congress approved the New Economic Policy (NEP), replacing compulsory grain requisition with a tax in kind and permitting limited private trade. It responded to peasant resistance,...

The Treaty of Riga formally ended the Polish-Soviet War. Poland acquired territories containing large Ukrainian and Belarusian populations, while Soviet leaders relinquished claims there. The treaty...

Red Army troops captured Kronstadt after an assault across the ice. Thousands of rebels were killed, imprisoned or escaped to Finland. The suppression sharply narrowed the space for independent...