Third Plenum calls for a balanced development approach

The congress completed a leadership transition and presented development and modernization as central tasks. Economic policy continued to integrate markets with party-state direction, while...

The program sought to rebuild rural health financing after communes and collective provision had weakened. A voluntary, subsidized scheme offered a partial response to rural households’ exposure to...

The China Banking Regulatory Commission began work as a dedicated supervisor of banking institutions. The reform aimed to strengthen oversight as credit and commercial banking grew, while state...

SASAC consolidated central oversight of state assets and major enterprises. Rather than privatizing the state sector, reform sought more centralized ownership management and stronger national...

The Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement reduced barriers to trade and services between the mainland and Hong Kong. It used Hong Kong’s financial and commercial position to deepen integration while...

The No. 1 Central Document focused on farmers’ incomes and rural development after the urban-coastal growth surge. It signaled that rural inequality and weak public services were constraints on the...

The central government announced direct subsidies and tax relief for grain production as part of a new rural policy. The shift redirected some public support toward farmers after decades of...

The amendment recognized citizens’ lawful private property and expanded legal security for property holders. It reflected the growth of private wealth and business, while leaving collective land...

The central bank raised benchmark lending and deposit rates for the first time in several years to restrain investment and inflation. Monetary tightening showed continued state intervention in...

China launched a pilot to address the split-share structure that left many state-owned shares non-tradable. The reform was intended to align shareholder incentives and deepen capital markets;...