Banking regulator separates supervision from central-bank operations

Accession formalized China’s participation after 15 years of negotiations. It widened market access and manufacturing integration while increasing pressure on domestic producers and labor; it did...

Tariff schedules and regulatory commitments began reshaping trade and enterprise strategy. The state remained planner, regulator, lender, negotiator and owner: accession increased global reach...

China began implementing scheduled tariff cuts after accession. The move widened access for importers and lowered some input costs, while exposing domestic firms to competition under rules...

The congress completed a leadership transition and presented development and modernization as central tasks. Economic policy continued to integrate markets with party-state direction, while...

The program sought to rebuild rural health financing after communes and collective provision had weakened. A voluntary, subsidized scheme offered a partial response to rural households’ exposure to...

SASAC consolidated central oversight of state assets and major enterprises. Rather than privatizing the state sector, reform sought more centralized ownership management and stronger national...

The Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement reduced barriers to trade and services between the mainland and Hong Kong. It used Hong Kong’s financial and commercial position to deepen integration while...

The plenum endorsed a scientific development outlook that emphasized coordination, sustainability and social welfare alongside growth. The language responded to widening inequalities and uneven...

The No. 1 Central Document focused on farmers’ incomes and rural development after the urban-coastal growth surge. It signaled that rural inequality and weak public services were constraints on the...

The central government announced direct subsidies and tax relief for grain production as part of a new rural policy. The shift redirected some public support toward farmers after decades of...