Constitution amendment protects private property

SASAC consolidated central oversight of state assets and major enterprises. Rather than privatizing the state sector, reform sought more centralized ownership management and stronger national...

The Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement reduced barriers to trade and services between the mainland and Hong Kong. It used Hong Kong’s financial and commercial position to deepen integration while...

The plenum endorsed a scientific development outlook that emphasized coordination, sustainability and social welfare alongside growth. The language responded to widening inequalities and uneven...

The No. 1 Central Document focused on farmers’ incomes and rural development after the urban-coastal growth surge. It signaled that rural inequality and weak public services were constraints on the...

The central government announced direct subsidies and tax relief for grain production as part of a new rural policy. The shift redirected some public support toward farmers after decades of...

The central bank raised benchmark lending and deposit rates for the first time in several years to restrain investment and inflation. Monetary tightening showed continued state intervention in...

China launched a pilot to address the split-share structure that left many state-owned shares non-tradable. The reform was intended to align shareholder incentives and deepen capital markets;...

The People’s Bank moved from a strict dollar peg to a managed float referencing a basket of currencies and revalued the renminbi. The adjustment responded to international pressure and domestic...

The Standing Committee voted to repeal the agricultural tax, ending a long-standing fiscal burden on farming households from 2006. The change recognized rural grievances and strengthened rural...

The end of the tax marked a major reversal in the fiscal relationship between state and peasants. It relieved one burden on farm households but did not eliminate other local fees or structural...