China and the Soviet Union sign a treaty and launch a major alliance

The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference adopted the Common Program, a provisional constitutional framework. It protected workers, peasants, cooperatives and private property while...

The new government declared sovereignty after decades of invasion, civil war and political fragmentation. It inherited ruined transport, severe inflation, unequal regional development and a largely...

The decision to unify national financial and economic work brought budgets, supplies, trade and monetary management under stronger central coordination. It helped contain inflation and restore the...

The law abolished landlord landownership and redistributed land to rural households. It broke a deeply unequal agrarian structure and gave many peasants a direct material stake in the new order, while...

The campaign against corruption, waste and bureaucratism began in party and government organizations in December 1951. Since sources identify the month rather than one nationwide launch day, 31...

A central directive opened a campaign against bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, cheating on government contracts and leaking economic information. It framed private capital as both a...

By the end of 1952, land redistribution had been completed across most of the mainland, although implementation in some minority regions followed a different timetable. Hundreds of millions of rural...