Nelson Mandela leaves prison and calls for continued struggle

The OAU's ad hoc committee adopted the Harare Declaration, developed through ANC diplomacy. It set out a route towards negotiations and a nonracial democracy, including removal of obstacles to free...

Desmond Tutu led a large anti-apartheid march in Cape Town, with an estimated 30,000 participants. Demands included freedom for Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners. Public mobilization...

Voting for a constituent assembly began and continued through 11 November under UN supervision. The elected body would prepare the constitution for independence. Participation in this process...

Delegates from a broad range of organizations gathered at the University of the Witwatersrand for the Conference for a Democratic Future. The conference endorsed the Harare Declaration. It expressed...

F. W. de Klerk announced the unbanning of the ANC, PAC, SACP and other organizations. A central mechanism of apartheid's political exclusion was removed, opening space for formerly prohibited...

Namibia attained independence after the UN-supervised transition and elections. The event ended South African colonial rule and opened an era of national sovereignty. Its decolonial significance...

The ANC and government agreed on steps towards peaceful negotiations. A working group would address political offences, prisoner releases and immunity, while practical obstacles facing exiles also...

An occupation of Santo Domingo church in Quito helped open the mobilization that developed into the June Indigenous uprising. Communities demanded land, dignity and recognition of Indigenous...

The Supreme Court decided R. v. Sparrow, arising from a Musqueam fisher's prosecution under fishing regulations. The judgment addressed protection of existing Aboriginal rights under section 35 and...

Police moved against a Mohawk barricade opposing a golf-course expansion on disputed land. An officer died in the confrontation, and the standoff widened, including solidarity action at Kahnawake. The...