The Conference for a Democratic Future brings movements together

Implementation of Namibia's independence plan began under UNTAG. The process was intended to create conditions for elections and end South African rule, although its opening was marred by fighting. In...

The International Labour Conference adopted Convention 169 in Geneva. It addressed Indigenous and tribal peoples' institutions, cultures, land and participation, including consultation through...

The OAU's ad hoc committee adopted the Harare Declaration, developed through ANC diplomacy. It set out a route towards negotiations and a nonracial democracy, including removal of obstacles to free...

Desmond Tutu led a large anti-apartheid march in Cape Town, with an estimated 30,000 participants. Demands included freedom for Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners. Public mobilization...

Voting for a constituent assembly began and continued through 11 November under UN supervision. The elected body would prepare the constitution for independence. Participation in this process...

F. W. de Klerk announced the unbanning of the ANC, PAC, SACP and other organizations. A central mechanism of apartheid's political exclusion was removed, opening space for formerly prohibited...

Nelson Mandela was released after more than 27 years in prison. Addressing supporters in Cape Town, he linked the milestone to the continuing struggle for freedom. His release strengthened the...

Namibia attained independence after the UN-supervised transition and elections. The event ended South African colonial rule and opened an era of national sovereignty. Its decolonial significance...

The ANC and government agreed on steps towards peaceful negotiations. A working group would address political offences, prisoner releases and immunity, while practical obstacles facing exiles also...

An occupation of Santo Domingo church in Quito helped open the mobilization that developed into the June Indigenous uprising. Communities demanded land, dignity and recognition of Indigenous...