The Harare Declaration sets conditions for ending apartheid through negotiations

Brazil's Constitution made racism a crime not subject to bail or a limitation period and recognized land rights of qualifying quilombola communities in transitional Article 68. These provisions...

The High Court invalidated Queensland legislation intended to extinguish rights in the Torres Strait islands. The decision allowed the Meriam plaintiffs' land claim to continue. Antidiscrimination law...

Brazil sanctioned Law 7,716, defining offences based on prejudice of race or colour, including discriminatory exclusion from employment and access to services. It supplied criminal-law mechanisms...

Implementation of Namibia's independence plan began under UNTAG. The process was intended to create conditions for elections and end South African rule, although its opening was marred by fighting. In...

The International Labour Conference adopted Convention 169 in Geneva. It addressed Indigenous and tribal peoples' institutions, cultures, land and participation, including consultation through...

Desmond Tutu led a large anti-apartheid march in Cape Town, with an estimated 30,000 participants. Demands included freedom for Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners. Public mobilization...

Voting for a constituent assembly began and continued through 11 November under UN supervision. The elected body would prepare the constitution for independence. Participation in this process...

Delegates from a broad range of organizations gathered at the University of the Witwatersrand for the Conference for a Democratic Future. The conference endorsed the Harare Declaration. It expressed...

F. W. de Klerk announced the unbanning of the ANC, PAC, SACP and other organizations. A central mechanism of apartheid's political exclusion was removed, opening space for formerly prohibited...

Nelson Mandela was released after more than 27 years in prison. Addressing supporters in Cape Town, he linked the milestone to the continuing struggle for freedom. His release strengthened the...