The apartheid government bans the ANC and PAC

Residents opposed forced relocation from Windhoek’s Old Location to Katutura. Police opened fire during the confrontation and killed protesters. The resistance challenged colonial and apartheid...

Four students at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College requested service at a segregated Woolworth lunch counter and remained after refusal. Their action developed into a wider campaign....

Students trained in nonviolent action began coordinated sit-ins at segregated Nashville lunch counters. Workshops and local organizing prepared them to face hostility and arrest. The campaign...

The PAC’s anti-pass campaign called on people to leave passes behind and present themselves for arrest. Police killed 69 people at Sharpeville and also fired on protesters at Langa. Demonstrators...

Thousands marched from Langa and Nyanga to police headquarters in central Cape Town. Philip Kgosana led the peaceful demonstration amid opposition to pass laws and repression after the shootings....

Student activists met at Shaw University on 15–17 April at Ella Baker’s invitation and formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. They shared experiences and developed an independent...

The South West Africa People’s Organisation was founded, developing from earlier organizing including the Ovamboland People’s Organisation. It sought to oppose South African rule and build national...

Togo became independent after a period of French administration as a United Nations trust territory. Nationalist campaigning challenged outside authority and demanded sovereignty. The transfer of...

A new federal law required preservation of election records and provided procedures for addressing discriminatory denial of voting rights. It strengthened tools available against exclusion, amid...

Following months of sit-ins, local pressure and negotiations, several downtown Nashville lunch counters began serving Black customers on a nonsegregated basis. Student organization helped change...