Anti-pass protesters face lethal repression at Sharpeville and Langa

South African exiles and supporters gathered at Holborn Hall to call for a boycott of South African goods. The Committee of African Organisations organized the meeting. By asking consumers abroad to...

Workers at Bissau’s Pidjiguiti docks struck over wages and faced lethal police repression. The massacre became a reference point in the struggle against Portuguese colonial rule. It exposed the...

Residents opposed forced relocation from Windhoek’s Old Location to Katutura. Police opened fire during the confrontation and killed protesters. The resistance challenged colonial and apartheid...

Four students at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College requested service at a segregated Woolworth lunch counter and remained after refusal. Their action developed into a wider campaign....

Students trained in nonviolent action began coordinated sit-ins at segregated Nashville lunch counters. Workshops and local organizing prepared them to face hostility and arrest. The campaign...

Thousands marched from Langa and Nyanga to police headquarters in central Cape Town. Philip Kgosana led the peaceful demonstration amid opposition to pass laws and repression after the shootings....

The government banned the ANC and PAC following the anti-pass protests and declaration of emergency. The bans criminalized central organizations of African political opposition and forced changes in...

Student activists met at Shaw University on 15–17 April at Ella Baker’s invitation and formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. They shared experiences and developed an independent...

The South West Africa People’s Organisation was founded, developing from earlier organizing including the Ovamboland People’s Organisation. It sought to oppose South African rule and build national...

Togo became independent after a period of French administration as a United Nations trust territory. Nationalist campaigning challenged outside authority and demanded sovereignty. The transfer of...