Mary Muthoni Nyanjiru joins protest demanding Thuku’s release

Gandhi wrote to the viceroy returning medals previously granted for service to the empire. Renouncing honors was one form of noncooperation. The act questioned imperial legitimacy and illustrates a...

Delegates adopted the Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World. It condemned discrimination and asserted political, economic, and cultural rights across borders. The declaration...

Students boycotted the colonial university arrangements in Rangoon, challenging provisions they regarded as restrictive and exclusionary. The campaign helped encourage national education. Control over...

Police killed members of the religious community led by Enoch Mgijima after they refused to leave their settlement. The confrontation linked land occupation, spiritual life, and the racial state’s...

British authorities arrested Gandhi after the noncooperation campaign and charged him with sedition. Criminalizing criticism and mobilization defended the colonial state’s authority. His...

Gandhi was sentenced to six years’ imprisonment after accepting responsibility for writings criticizing British rule. The courtroom became a platform for questioning the legitimacy of colonial...

Canada’s Chinese Immigration Act sharply restricted Chinese entry and separated families. Chinese communities called the anniversary “Humiliation Day” instead of joining celebrations of Confederation....

A nonviolent campaign began against restrictions keeping oppressed-caste people from roads near the Vaikom temple. Caste and colonial racism are distinct systems; this event is included for their...

Congress granted US citizenship to Indigenous people born in the United States who had not already received it. State barriers still restricted voting, and citizenship did not restore lost land or end...

Porters formed the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters under A. Philip Randolph’s leadership. Organizing challenged poor conditions, company control, and racial inequality in employment. The union...