A transplant milestone occurs under apartheid

The development included trials among women in Puerto Rico and raises questions about consent and power.

The decision did not guarantee that every woman could obtain contraception or decide freely whether to use it.

Barnard led a large Groote Schuur Hospital team in the first human-to-human heart transplant.

The patient was given the heart of Denise Darvall, who had died after a road accident.

Nurses, surgeons, anesthetists, technicians and laboratory staff were needed for the procedure.

In animal tests, qinghao sample 191 inhibited malaria parasites in rodents with striking effectiveness.

The team drew on traditional medical texts while developing an ethyl-ether extraction method.

The 4 October finding was preclinical; later research was required before artemisinin could be used in patients.

Tu described this exact observation date in her Nobel biographical account, crediting the wider Project 523 effort.

Its resolution launched the Expanded Programme on Immunization to extend routine childhood protection.